Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s is a colorless, flammable and extremely dangerous gas. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide occupational. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals product treating james g. Hydrogen for refineries is increasingly provided by. It discusses the material selection criteria for a number of ferrous and nonferrous alloys used in petroleum refining and petrochemical applications. Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical precipitation article pdf available in journal of hazardous materials 15312. The increased use of purchased hydrogen has implications for the refining industrys use of natural gas as a feedstock.
Most hydrogen sulfide in the air comes from natural sources from bacterial decomposition of plant and animal materials, and from geothermic sources such as volcanoes, hot springs, and underwater. Polymeric gasseparation membranes for petroleum refining. Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, colorless gas with a. Amine gas treater, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into endproduct elemental sulfur. Pretreatment of heavy crude oils for refining intechopen.
During the 1930s and world war ii, sophisticated refining processes involving the use of catalysts led to further improvements in the quality of transportation fuels and further increased their supply. Sector notebook project petroleum refining epa310r950 epa office of compliance sector notebook project profile of the petroleum refining industry september 1995 office of compliance. Hydrogen replaces sulfur on the organic molecule, while hydrogen sulfide h2s is formed as shown in the reaction below for an organic sulfide molecule. Pollution associated with petroleum refining includes volatile organic compounds vocs, carbon monoxide co, sulfur oxides sox, nitrogen oxides nox, particulates, ammonia nh3, hydrogen sulphide h 2 s, metals, spent acids and numerous toxic organic compounds. Estimation of hydrogen sulfide from crude petroleum. Role of hydrogen in removing sulfure liquid fuels praxair. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such. The disposition of the h2s will be discussed later. Hydrogen sulfide is not produced for commercial sale. Such as mercaptan, hydrogen sulfide, which cause foul odors and deteriorate the finished products. F, presulfiding of catalysts occurs in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide. Acid gases in a refinery are carbon dioxide co2 and hydrogen sulphide h2s.
This nace standard establishes material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking ssc in sour refinery process environments, i. The main scope of the course is to create strong basis and fundamentals regarding the processes in the petroleum refining. Hydrogen sulfide gas illinois department of public health. Consultation document hydrogen sulphide h2s in petroleum crude oil dec 9 th 2016 to feb. It is a colorless chalcogen hydride gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. Natural gas with no detectable amount of hydrogen sulfide is called sweet gas. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s 7783064 8 mgm3740 mgm3, 6 ppm520 ppm. In petroleum refineries, the hydrogen sulfide gas is then subsequently converted into byproduct. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base.
Determination of hydrogen sulfide in refinery fuel gases. Sulfur causes acid rain and combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide which is a. Section 1 introduction in view of the increasing national concern about toxic sulfur compounds in the atmosphere, the u. It can be released from sewage sludge, liquid manure, and sulfur hot springs, and with natural gas. Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula h 2 s. Refining for the nontechnical person, 2nd edition, pennwell books. A petroleum refining study starts with describing its feedstock, the crude oil and the range of products that are produced by the. Phillips petroleum company, 1946, by phillips petroleum company and enid champlin refining company. Sulfur occurs in some natural gases as hydrogen sulfide h 2 s gas, which is poisonous and corrosive. Atoms are represented as spheres with conventional color coding. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products. Products treated for h2s include crude oil, fuels, and other refined petroleum products in storage tanks, tanker ships, railcars, and pipelines. Its composition was recognized by berthollet 1798, who gave it its present name. The potentiality of the probe npsi can be implied to develop a realtime sensor to detect the exposure of such a harmful gas in the petroleum industry and to.
Hydrogen sulfide is produced naturally from decaying organic matter. This method is applicable for the determination of the h 2 s content of fuel gas streams at petroleum. Introduction sulfur compounds exist in various light oils made from petroleum. Hydrogen sulfide is recovered from natural gas and is a byproduct of. Materials selection for petroleum refineries and gathering facilities. Hydrogen sulfide is a flammable, colorless gas that smells like rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulfide also known as h 2 s, sewer gas, swamp gas, stink damp, and sour damp is a colorless gas known for its pungent rotten egg odor at low concentrations. Hydrogen sulfide management in crude oil, natural gas, fuels, and petroleum. Environmental protection agency epa has issued regulations that deal with the emission of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere from the combustion of petroleum refinery fuel gases and process gases that contain hydrogen sulfide. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum.
Hydrogen sulfide gas also can result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries and petroleum refineries. Safety and health topics hydrogen sulfide hydrogen. At low levels, hydrogen sulfide gas has a strong odor similar to rotten eggs. In this work, we collected crude petroleum oil from a nearby oil refinery. Amine gas treating, claus unit, and tail gas treatment for converting hydrogen sulfide gas from the hydrotreaters into product elemental sulfur. F, hydrogen h 2 is introduced with feedstock and presulfiding agent. People usually can smell hydrogen sulfide at low concentrations in air ranging from 0. Hydrogen sulfide h2s is a naturally occurring gas contained in. Hydrogen sulfidesulphide, h 2 s, petroleum, inhalation, toxicity, industrial accident case series presentation workmen engaged in repair work at an oil refinery in sri lanka were accidentally. Hydrogen sulfide is a common byproduct of petroleum extraction and refining, as well as a potential hazard from the breakdown of organic materials hence, its common name, sewer gas. Hydrogen sulfide burns with a blue flame to form sulfur dioxide which is also a toxic gas. Defines material requirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking.
Pdf sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by. Hydrogen volumes consumed increasingly exceed those produced in a platformer and have to be supplemented by other sources. These pollutants may be discharged as air emissions, wastewater or solid waste. Hydrogen sulphide inhalational toxicity at a petroleum. Mr0103 standard practice materials resistant to sulfide. The interest on these systems is increasing because of the simplicity of concept and lowenergy consumption.
Hydrogen sulfide is colorless, flammable gas under. The large majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur produced worldwide in 2005 was byproduct sulfur from petroleum refining and natural gas processing plants. Mr0103 standard practice materials resistant to sulfide stress cracking in corrosive petroleum refinery environments. Hydrogen sulfide h 2 s molecule, chemical structure. Petroleum engineers guide to oil field chemicals and fluids. Petroleum refining and environmental control and environmental. Sulfur hydrogen sulfide gasoline automotive gas oil naphtha cuts lightheavy kerosene diesel gasoil lubricants vacuum residues asphalt coke note.
With the depletion in global reserves of light crude oil over the past few decades. Polymeric gasseparation membranes were commercialized 30 years ago. According to the tri, in 2012 most hydrogen sulfide air releases in the u. H2s is a challenge at every stage of hydrocarbon production, refining, and. Hydrogen sulfide, a naturally occurring impurity of crude petroleum oil, is a highly toxic. It is found in many refinery streams such as crude oil, asphalt, residual fuel, mid distillate, gasoline and blend components. Download book pdf handbook of petroleum processing pp 417446 cite as. When sour highsulfur crude oil is processed, there is an increased potential for exposure to hydrogen sulfide in the preheat exchanger and. Phillips petroleum company, 1946, by phillips petroleum company and enid champlin refining company page images at hathitrust alkylation of alkanes, new york, reinhold pub. Sulfur is removed from petroleum products in the petroleum refining process and is a byproduct of paper pulping. Hydrogen sulfide in production operations oil and gas production. Refinery gas sweetening is the process used to remove the so called acid. Hydrogen sulfide can also result from industrial activities, such as food processing, coke ovens, kraft paper mills, tanneries, and petroleum refineries.
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